Driver in Tesla crash relied excessively on Autopilot, but Tesla shares some blame, federal panel finds

A fatal 2016 crash involving a Tesla sedan was caused by the driver’s over-reliance on his vehicle’s Autopilot system and by a truck driver’s failure to yield while entering a Florida roadway, a federal panel determined Tuesday.

But the National Transportation Safety Board also laid some blame on Tesla Inc., saying the vehicle’s technology contributed to the crash. The software of the Tesla Model S “permitted [the driver’s] prolonged disengagement from the driving task” and let him use the Autopilot system on the wrong type of road.

“In this crash, Tesla’s system worked as designed, but it was designed to perform limited tasks in a limited range of environments,” the board’s chairman, Robert L. Sumwalt, said after the board voted 4-0 on the probable cause of the crash and staff recommendations for avoiding future such crashes.

“Tesla allowed the driver to use the system outside of the environment for which it was designed ... and the system gave far more leeway to the driver to divert his attention to something other than driving,” he said. “The result was a collision that, frankly, should have never happened.”

Joshua Brown, 40, died when the Tesla Model S sedan he was driving smashed into the trailer of a big-rig truck that was making a left turn in front of it from a cross street. Brown was traveling 74 miles per hour using the Tesla’s semiautonomous Autopilot feature, which did not identify the truck and stop the vehicle.

Tesla, which is based in Palo Alto and led by Elon Musk, said that “the safety of our customers comes first” and that its Autopilot technology “significantly increases safety” and reduces accidents.

“We appreciate the NTSB’s analysis of last year’s tragic accident and we will evaluate their recommendations as we continue to evolve our technology,” the company said in a written statement. “We will also continue to be extremely clear with current and potential customers that Autopilot is not a fully self-driving technology and drivers need to remain attentive at all times.”

The NTSB’s staff extensively studied the crash and issued findings Tuesday.

The board’s staff said technology that senses a driver’s hands on the wheel is not an effective way to tell whether the driver is paying attention.

The board also said that makers of semiautonomous vehicles could prevent the use of Autopilot-style technology when their vehicles are not on roads that are appropriate for the technology.

“A world of perfect self-driving cars would eliminate tens of thousands of deaths and millions of injuries each year,” Sumwalt said. “It is a long route from being partially automated vehicles to self-driving cars. Until we get there, somebody still has to drive.”

The staff said the Autopilot system functioned as designed but was not meant to be used on the type of road on which the crash occurred. The Tesla owners manual says Autopilot should be used only on highways or limited access roads that have onramps and offramps.

The Florida crash took place on a state road that had access from cross streets. The NTSB staffers said that they believed Brown was very knowledgeable about the vehicle, but that the owners manual could be confusing.

“A driver could have difficulties interpreting exactly [on] which roads it might be appropriate” to use Autopilot, said Ensar Becic, an NTSB human performance investigator.

The staff recommended that Tesla and makers of other semiautonomous vehicles use satellite data to determine the type of road their vehicles are on and that they allow Autopilot-style technology to be used only where appropriate.

The Tesla software did not detect the truck crossing in front of Brown’s vehicle. NTSB staff dismissed the idea — floated last year by Tesla — that the car’s sensors were unable to detect the white truck because it was against a bright sky.

Tests by the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration determined that Tesla and other vehicles with semiautonomous driving technology had great difficulty sensing cross traffic.

“The systems don’t detect that type of object moving across their path with any reliability,” said Robert Molloy, director of the NTSB’s Office of Highway Safety.

The staff is recommending the use of vehicle-to-vehicle technology — in effect, vehicles talking to each other — to sense cross traffic.

The NTSB staff also said that Tesla’s reliance on sensing a driver’s hands on the wheel was not an effective way of monitoring whether the driver was paying attention.

Tesla has repeatedly called Autopilot an “assist feature.” It has said that while using Autopilot, drivers must keep their hands on the wheel at all times and be prepared to take over if necessary.

“Since driving is a largely visual task and the driver may interact with the steering wheel without assessing the environment, monitoring steering wheel torque is a poor surrogate for monitoring driving engagement,” Becic said.

The NTSB staff recommended the use of a more effective technology to determine whether a driver is paying attention, such as a camera tracking the driver’s eyes. A possible example — not mentioned by the staff — is Cadillac’s Super Cruise steering system, which includes a tiny camera that tracks eye and head movement to make sure the driver is paying attention to the road.

The panel’s review found that Brown’s last interaction with the vehicle as he drove was 1 minute and 51 seconds before the crash, when he set the cruise control function at 74 mph.

There was no indication the driver of the Tesla or the driver of the truck took evasive action before the crash, the NTSB staff said.

Before Tuesday’s meeting, Brown’s family said in a statement that he loved technology and that “zero tolerance for deaths would totally stop innovation and improvements.”

“Joshua loved his Tesla Model S. He studied and tested that car as a passion,” the family said in the statement issued Monday by Cleveland law firm Landskroner Grieco Merriman.

“We heard numerous times that the car killed our son. That is simply not the case,” the statement said.